Features : : A Matter of Time: The Causes and Consequences of Rising Time Served in America’s Prisons
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A matter of time :
The Causes and Consequences of Rising Time Served in America’s Prisons
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The US incarceration rate has more than quadrupled since the 1970s.
Attempts to end mass incarceration have largely focused on reforms for nonviolent and less serious convictions, but that won’t be enough. Here’s why.
1-year prison terms
10- and 20-year prison terms
Time in prison
0%
50%
100%
first gap
second gap

One bar moving across the box to the left represents a person’s time in prison. The slower the bar, the longer the prison term.

Imagine if everyone in prison stayed there for one year. If the rate of people going to prison stays the same, then as new people enter, others leave—and the prison population stays stable.

Now imagine that some of these people begin to stay longer—say, 10 or 20 years. At first, this doesn’t have a large effect on the prison population. But over time, it does. When people stay longer, they start to stack up.

And when more people start serving more time, the combined effect is huge.

Our example here is fictional, but these trends are real for roughly 2.2 million people behind bars. In the United States, more people have been going to prison and staying there longer, mostly because of “tough-on-crime” policies that swept the country in the 1980s and ’90s. The prison population boomed as sentences got longer and release policies got more restrictive.

Recent efforts to reduce the number of people who are sent to prison in the first place, like alternatives to incarceration for drug offenses, have helped stem the flow in some states and prisons. But these efforts typically only affect people who wouldn’t be in prison for very long anyway.

Other reforms limit how long people can stay in prison for low-level crimes, but that also doesn’t affect people with the longest prison terms.

Equilibrium
Longer prison terms
Higher admission rates
Reduced admission rates
Shorter prison terms
Years
People in prison
This is a problem. So, what can be done?

To start, we looked at prison term trends in a new way and found that the longest terms are getting longer, particularly for violent offenses. But how long is too long? What is long enough? And do longer prison terms really translate into justice, rehabilitation, and public safety?

Efforts to meaningfully reduce the prison population must consider these questions, which may mean rethinking how we treat people convicted of serious crimes.