Source: Authors’ analysis of data from the US Census Bureau’s Value of Construction Put in Place Survey, updated September 2025, and adjusted for inflation as of March 2025, available at “Construction Spending,” US Census Bureau, accessed October 31, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html.

Notes: FAST Act = Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act; IIJA = Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act; MAP-21 = Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act. State and local construction spending includes projects funded by federal grants but executed by state and local agencies. Federal construction spending does not include those projects. Nonhighway transportation data include passenger terminal, railroad, mass transit, air, and water investment data. Land passenger terminal = bus and railroad passenger terminals; mass transit = light rail, monorail, streetcar, and subway facilities; other land transportation = railroads, maintenance facilities, and freight terminals. Investments in projects that create bus lanes, bike lanes, or similar facilities are categorized under pavement.