These files include spending per capita, demographics, eligibility, take-up rate, unit per recipient, payroll, nonpayroll, and spending per recipient data broken down by spending category, as displayed in the tool.
Download dataThese files include average annual wages and salaries by state as well as how wages and salaries vary across states for a given educational category. By comparing actual public sector payroll to these expected differences, we determine how much of a state’s payroll is driven by labor conditions and how much is driven by other factors.
Download data“May 2012 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, last updated April 8, 2013, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2012/may/oessrcst.htm.
“Job Zones,” Occupational Information Network (O*NET), O*NET Resource Center, Production Database – O*NET 20.1, last updated October 2015, http://www.onetcenter.org/dictionary/21.1/excel/job_zones.html.
2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThese files include federal intergovernmental transfers as a share of total state and local spending by functional category. For some categories, information is available only at an aggregated level (e.g., K–12 and higher education are combined into one “education” category for the purposes of measuring federal transfers).
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThese files separate total expenditures into current operations, capital spending, and charges. “Current operations” covers direct expenditures for compensation, supplies, materials and contractual services. “Capital spending” includes construction, purchases of property and equipment, additions, and replacements. “Charges” refers to amounts received for specific services (such as higher education tuition and fees or highway tolls). For more information, see the US Bureau of the Census Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThese files show how much of a state’s spending on a given functional category comes from local governments. Medicaid, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and Child Care and Development Fund are excluded for data availability reasons. We also combine the utilities (sewerage, solid waste, gas, electric, and water) into one category.
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThese files document how states vary in their revenues total revenues as well as total taxes and major tax types (such as individual income taxes, corporate income taxes, property taxes, and sales taxes [general and selective]). The files also include other locally generated revenue from charges and miscellaneous sources.
Download data“Data Query System (DQS),” Urban Institute State and Local Finance Initiative, accessed January 2017, http://slfdqs.taxpolicycenter.org/pages.cfm.
anchor-textThis file includes data on population, land area, water area, total area, and population density by state. We also include data on gross domestic product, personal income, and total taxable resources by state.
Download dataUnpublished data from the MAF/TIGER database of the US Census Bureau, State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates, https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html.
“Total Taxable Resources,” Department of the Treasury, accessed January 2017, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/economic-policy/taxable-resources/Pages/Total-Taxable-Resources.aspx.
GDP by State and State annual Personal income and Employment from “Regional Economic Accounts,” US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, accessed January 2017, http://www.bea.gov/regional/.
Midyear population estimate, US Census Bureau. Estimates for 2010–14 reflect state population estimates available as of December 2014, http://www.census.gov/popest/.
anchor-textThese files compare total expenditures and payroll spending for each expenditure category that uses census data. Data are included for all 50 states, DC, and the United States overall. For more information, see the US Bureau of the Census Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/ and http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThese files compare per capita expenditures (broken into current, capital, charges, and total) for a selection of expenditure groups for 1977 to 2012. Expenditure groups are included if capital spending constitutes a large share of total spending. The areas are higher education, highways, transit, sewerage, solid waste management, water utilities, electric supply, and gas supply. Data are included for all 50 states, DC, and the United States overall. For more information, see the US Bureau of the Census Government Finance and Employment Classification Manual.
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/ and http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
Using US census data, we show the number of students enrolled nationally in kindergarten, elementary school, high school, and college, both in public and private institutions.
Download dataTable A-1. School Enrollment of the Population 3 Years Old and Over, by Level and Control of School, Race, and Hispanic Origin: October 1955 to 2015, at “CPS Historical Time Series Tables on School Enrollment,” accessed January 2017, http://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/historical/.
Using US Census Bureau data on state and local employment and payroll, we break down elementary and secondary education employment and payroll into instructional and noninstructional sources. For both payroll and employment, we show the totals for instructional employees, the total for all employees, and the share of the total made up of instructional employees.
Download data2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textUsing data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), we break out test scores for mathematics and reading for 4th and 8th graders during 2011 and 2013. The NAEP is a set of tests on a range of subjects taken in the United States that allows for a common metric for all states. We also draw on the Urban Institute’s America’s Gradebook for NAEP scores adjusted for factors that drive lower or higher tests scores, including age, race and ethnicity, frequency of English spoken at home, special education status, free or reduced-price lunch eligibility, and English language learner status.
Download data“NAEP Data Explorer,” US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, accessed January 2017, https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx.
Matthew Chingos and Kristin Blagg, “America’s Gradebook: How Does Your State Stack Up?” Urban Institute. Washington, DC: 2016. http://apps.urban.org/features/naep/.
anchor-textThere are three US Census of Governments codes that could apply to state and local elementary and secondary school spending. The first, Elementary and Secondary Education (12), makes up the bulk of the spending ($559 billion in 2012), but State Education – Other (21) and Libraries (52) are also included ($16 and $11 billion respectively). Although we only use 12 in our calculations, we show all of the data here.
Download data“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/ and http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textThis file shows the enrollment in public and private elementary and secondary educational institutions by state. In every state public enrollment is larger, but many parents choose to enroll their children elsewhere.
Download dataUS Census, American Community Survey, 2012 via the American FactFinder. B14002: Public and Private School Enrollment.
Using US Census Bureau data on state and local employment and payroll, we break down higher education employment and payroll into instructional and noninstructional sources. For both payroll and employment, we show the totals for instructional employees, the total for all employees, and the share of the total made up of instructional employees.
Download data2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
anchor-textUsing data from the Urban Institute’s Financing Public Higher Education project, we present information on college two-and four-year enrollment, net migration, tuition, and other information on public colleges and universities.
Download data“Financing Public Higher Education,” Urban Institute, October 2015, accessed January 2017, http://webapp.urban.org/higher-education/.
anchor-textUsing data from National Center for Education Statistics, we show the number of degrees conferred by state; level of education; and whether the school is public, private nonprofit, or private for-profit. Data is for the 2011–12 school year.
Download dataTable 319.10, Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution, level of degree, and state or jurisdiction: 2011–12, at “Digest of Education Statistics 2013,” US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, accessed January 2017, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/2013menu_tables.asp.
Using US Census Bureau data on state and local employment and payroll, we present employment and payroll data for highways and transit. Although other expenditure categories include this data in the decomposition, these two categories use vehicle miles traveled and transit way miles as units of service, so employment data is presented here as a supplement.
Download data2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
Using data from the Federal Highway Administration on vehicle miles traveled, highway lane miles, and licensed drivers, we calculate the average miles driven over each mile of highway and the average miles driven per driver.
Download dataTables 4.4.1.2. Length by Functional Systems, 5.4.1. Vehicle-miles of travel, by functional system, and 6.6.1. Licensed Drivers By Sex And Ratio To Population – 2012, from “Highway Statistics 2012,” US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, accessed January 2017, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/.
anchor-textBased on data from Texas A&M Transportation Institute, we show data on population, travelers, commuters, and measures of congestion for the largest 101 urban areas. This includes a freeway congestion index constructed by the Transportation Institute.
Download data“2015 Urban Mobility Scorecard—Congestion Data for Your City,” Texas A&M Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Information, accessed January 2017, https://mobility.tamu.edu/ums/congestion-data/.
anchor-textBased on data from the US Census Bureau and the Federal Highway Administration, we show the population in a state above the age of 15, the population above driving age in a state with a license, and the former minus the latter. The former is a modified version of highway’s potentially eligible population, which is its population above driving age. These data show us that even using a very broad definition of potential eligible (including more young people that the state might) two states (Indiana and Vermont) still have more drivers than people old enough to drive.
Download dataUS Census, American Community Survey, 2012 via the American Factfinder. PEPSYASEX: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Single Year of Age and Sex for the United States, States, and Puerto Rico Commonwealth.
Federal Highway Administration: Highway Statistics 2012: Table 6.3.3. Licensed Drivers, by State, sex, and age group.
Using data from the National Transit Database, we construct several measures of transit usage and service. Based on data on number of trips per state, total miles traveled per state, and total mileage of transit infrastructure, we construct measures of the average length of each trip and average traffic per mile of transit infrastructure. We also use National Transit Database data to measure annual vehicle revenue miles, or the miles that vehicles travel while in revenue service.
Download dataNational Transit Database Report Year2012: Transit Way Mileage and Services, accessed January 2017, http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm.
anchor-textUsing data from the 2012 American Community Survey, we deconstruct where workers live relative to their place of work. There are those workers who live in the same state as their work (divided into in-county and out-of-county workers) and those that live in a different state.
Download dataUS Census, 2012 American Community Survey 1-year, S0801: Commuting Characteristics by Sex.
anchor-textThis file pulls from Federal Transit Administration data on unlinked passenger trips by type of transit (a trip is one ride on a type of transit that terminates when the passenger disembarks, even if they transfer to another mode of transit). Types of transit are rail, bus, and other.
Download dataFederal Transit Administrations National Transit Database. Table 19: Transit Operating Statistics: Service Supplied and Consumed
Using data from the US Census on payroll and employment, we can divide police employees into two categories, “persons with the power of arrest” and “other employees.” We use these data to show how many police officers there are relative to the total number of police employees.
Download data2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
Using data from the US Census on payroll and employment, we can divide local fire protection employees into firefighters and other employees. We use these data to show how many firefighters there are relative to the total number of fire employees.
Download data2012 State and Local Government Payroll downloadable data file – Aggregated data by government function for each state area: “Government Employment & Payroll,” US Census Bureau, released March 6, 2014, last revised April 26, 2016, http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html.
Using data from the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, we show rated, operational, and design capacity by state. We also show what percentage of a state’s lowest and highest capacity measures are currently filled with the custody population. “Rated capacity” is the number of beds or inmates assigned by a rating official to institutions within the jurisdiction. “Operational capacity” is the number of inmates that can be accommodated based on a facility's staff, programs, and services. Design capacity is the number of inmates that planners or architects intended for the facility.
Download dataAppendix Table 9: Prison facility capacity, custody population, and percent capacity, from E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli, “Prisoners in 2012: Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991–2012,” US Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: 2013, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p12tar9112.pdf.
anchor-textUsing data from the US Census and the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, this table shows spending per capita on corrections, correctional employees per member of the correctional population (including individuals in jail), and spending per member of the correctional population. Data are for 2012 for all states, DC, and the United States overall.
Download dataDataset 3, “Year-end population,” from “National Corrections Reporting Program, 2000–2013: Selected Variables (ICPSR 36285),” National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, accessed January 2017, http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/36285.
“2012 Census of Governments: State and Local Finances, State by Type of Government – Public Use Format,” US Census Bureau, released December 16, 2014, http://www.census.gov//govs/local/historical_data_2012.html.
Medicaid spending is divided among four different subgroups with different eligibility characteristics in each. It is possible to construct our spending decomposition within each of these four categories, so we provide data on population, potentially eligible population, eligibility, recipients and expenditures for each of these groups. The four groups are children (ages 0 to 18), nondisabled adults (ages 19 to 64), disabled adults and children (ages 0 to 64), and the elderly (age 65 and older). This subgroup calculation requires using a source for the expenditure data separate from that used for the full dataset.
Download data“The Transfer Income Model, version 3 (TRIM3),” Urban Institute, accessed January 2017, http://trim3.urban.org/T3Welcome.php.
“Medicaid Spending by Enrollment Groups,” Kaiser Family Foundation State Health Facts Fiscal Year 2011, accessed January 2017, http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/medicaid-spending-by-enrollment-group/.
anchor-textMedicaid spending data used in the decomposition of spending drivers pull from data provided by the Urban Institute and the Kaiser Family Foundation. However, these expenditure numbers include spending on institutionalized populations, such as those in long-term nursing homes. Those individuals are excluded from our population, eligibility and recipient estimates given data limitations. As a robustness check, we remove the Institutional long-term- care proportion of spending as defined by the Medicare and Medicaid Research Review.
Download data“The Transfer Income Model, version 3 (TRIM3),” Urban Institute, accessed January 2017, http://trim3.urban.org/T3Welcome.php.
“Medicaid Spending by Enrollment Groups,” Kaiser Family Foundation State Health Facts Fiscal Year 2011, accessed January 2017, http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/medicaid-spending-by-enrollment-group/.
Table 13.2, Medicaid Expenditures, by Provider Type and Area of Residence: Fiscal Year 2011, from Medicare and Medicaid Statistical Supplement, 2013 Edition, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, last modified November 18, 2016, accessed January 2017, https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/medicaremedicaidstatsupp/2013.html.
anchor-textUsing data from the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, we can show a range of health outcomes by state. These include rates of HIV and diabetes, rates of uninsured adults and children, access to health food, and low birthweight births as a share of total births.
Download data“Rankings Data,” County Health Rankings and Roadmaps, accessed January 2017, http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/rankings/data.
anchor-textWe compiled an index that measures the cost of physicians in a state relative to the national average across all states, DC, and the United States overall for primary care, obstetric care, and other services.
Download dataTable 2 of Stephen Zuckerman and Dana Goin, “How Much Will Medicaid Physician Fees for Primary Care Rise in 2013? Evidence from a 2012 Survey of Medicaid Physician Fees.” Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012, http://kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/how-much-will-medicaid-physician-fees-for/.
anchor-textThis supplementary data file compares total national and state Medicaid expenditures calculated from two different sources. First, the Kaiser Family Foundation’s calculations based on Urban Institute estimates from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services data. Second, estimates from the Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission (MACPAC) based on data submitted to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services through Form CMS-64. The MACPAC data are used in our tool; the Kaiser Family Foundation data are used to compare spending across subgroups.
Download data“Medicaid Spending by Enrollment Groups, Fiscal Year 2011,” Kaiser Family Foundation State Health Facts, accessed January 2017, http://kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/medicaid-spending-by-enrollment-group/?currentTimeframe=0.
Medicaid and CHIP Program Statistics: March 2012 MACStats. Table 6: Medicaid Spending By State, Category and Source of Funds, FY 2011; and Table 8: Chip Spending By State, FY 2011.
This file shows federal TANF and state MOE spending with and without state transfers of federal funds to CCDF and Social Service Block Grants (SSBG).
Download data“TANF Financial Data – FY 2012,” Office of Family Assistance, accessed June 13, 2016, http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/resource/tanf-financial-data-fy-2012.
The US Department of Housing and Urban Development keeps data on how long the average family must wait before they can move into subsidized public housing. Such data are a useful metric for how much excess demand there is for public housing services in a given state.
Download data“Picture of Subsidized Households, US Department of Housing and Urban Development. accessed January 2017, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/picture/yearlydata.html.
anchor-textThe US Department of Housing and Urban Development keeps data on fair market rents, currently defined as the 40th percentile of gross rents for typical, nonsubstandard rental units occupied by recent movers in a local housing market. This measure is calculated using American Community Service Data from the US Census Bureau, and published annually. The fair market rent is used to determine both the rents charged to those in public housing and the standard amount of voucher programs.
Download dataAuthor calculations and final fiscal year 2017 fair market rent data from “Fair Market Rents,” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, accessed January 2017, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/fmr.html.
anchor-textUsing data from the Urban Institute’s Housing Finance Policy Center, we calculate the number of households by state and percent area median income. Our measure of potentially eligible was the count of households who make less than 50 percent of area median income, and we divide those households into “very low income” (31 to 50 percent) and “extremely low income” (0 and 30 percent).
Download dataUrban Institute Housing Finance Policy Center Calculations based on US Census American Community Survey 3-Year PUMS. For additional information on HFPC calculations, see Josh Leopold, Liza Getsinger, Pamela Blumenthal, Katya Abazajian, and Reed Jordan, “The Housing Affordability Gap for Extremely Low-Income Renters in 2013.” Urban Institute. Washington, DC: 2015, http://www.urban.org/research/publication/housing-affordability-gap-extremely-low-income-renters-2013/view/full_report.
Using data from the US National Park Service and the National Association of State Park Directors, we show the acreage and visitors of federal and state parks by state. Given data availability, we show data for 2010.
Download dataUS National Park Service, Land Resources Board; and unpublished data. See Section 26, Table 1254: National Park Service (NPS) Visits and Acreage by State: 2010, at “Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010,” US Census Bureau, accessed January 2017, http://www.census.gov/library/publications/2009/compendia/statab/129ed.html.
National Association of State Park Directors, Tucson, AZ, 2009–2010 Annual Information Exchange, February 2011. See Section 26, Table 1253. State Parks and Recreation Areas by State: 2010, at “Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2010,” US Census Bureau, accessed January 2017, http://www.census.gov/library/publications/2009/compendia/statab/129ed.html.
To measure satisfaction with state government performance, we use data from the Gallup polls on trust in state government. The question that was asked is “How much trust and confidence do you have in the government of the state where you live when it comes to handling state problems—a great deal, a fair amount, not very much, or none at all?”
Download dataGallup 50-state poll from June through December 2013. See “Trust in Government,” Gallup, accessed January 2017, http://www.gallup.com/poll/5392/trust-government.aspx.